Karnal bunt, caused by the fungus tilletia indica mitra, is a disease of wheat and triticale a hybrid of wheat and rye. A bunt infection of wheat is usually first noticed at harvest because of the strong putrid fishy smell emitted from the grain. Karnal bunt differs from other diseases of wheat in that the pathogen infects plants during anthesis and it sporulates on the same generation of the host which. Closer examination of seed will reveal bunt balls, which are grains of wheat that have been replaced by a mass of stinking bunt spores, figure 4. Current research status and future challenges to wheat. The efforts of hundreds of state and federal personnel in. The fungus and the plant disease that it causes are harmless to humans and animals. Agriculturist department of entomology and plant pathology, oklahoma state university the bunts and smuts are caused by fungi that affect the seed of wheat and other small grains and grasses. This puts india at the second position among the wheat producing countries. Mexico where the karnal buntcontaminated wheat from arizona had been planted 25. Jun 07, 2011 common bunt is most likely to be a problem when wheat has been saved for seed for 2 or more years. Bunt, also called stinking smut, fungal disease of wheat, rye, and other grasses. Diseased kernels can be seen in developing wheat heads but are often not detected until harvest.
While karnal bunt generally does not lead to devastating crop. Wheat and barley cultivation has experienced changes in practices due to factors such as methods of conservation agriculture, cropping systems, wheat varieties, changes in weather patterns, and international trade, necessitating new and different. It is alternatively known as partial bunt of wheat caused by tilletia indica mitra, 1931. Karnal bunt phytosanitary wheat export certificates abstract karnal bunt kb is a wheat disease of limited distribution in the united states. Pathogenic variation among isolates of tilletia indica the. Do not use heavily infected wheat as seed if at all possible. Wheat bunt article about wheat bunt by the free dictionary. Bonde and others published karnal bunt of wheat find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. In this disease, some grains inthe spike are partially or wholly converted into black powdery masses. Karnal bunt is caused by tilletia indica, which is a floretinfecting fungal smut fungus. This disease is widely found in all the wheat growing areas in north india, northern pakistan, southern nepal and mexico duran, 1972. It is called partial bunt when only part of the kernel is affected. Identification of rapd markers linked to the karnal bunt. Department of agriculture usda regu lates wheat infected with karnal bunt and restricts the wheats movement to keep the fungus from spread ing or.
Grain trade australias commodity standards have a nil tolerance for bunt in all grades of wheat. The disease is spread primarily through the use of infect ed seed or. Karnal bunt of wheat partial bunt or new bunt pathogen tilletia indica syn. Karnal bunt infected wheat was found in southern arizona in march, 1996. Based on a careful systematic study at the systematic botany and mycology laboratory sbml, it was determined that the karnal bunt fungus occurs in only a restricted area of the u. Material and methods a field trial on integrated disease management of karnal bunt of wheat was conducted at experiment farm of harec, dhaulakuan. Later, the discovery of karnal bunt infected wheat in california extended the quarantine to portions of that state fig. Mapping of a resistance gene effective against karnal bunt. However, it has a major effect on grain marketability. The fungus is thus subjected to very strict quarantine regulations in countries not known to have the pathogen.
In the spring of 1996, karnal bunt tilletia indicamitra was found in a sample of durum wheat seed in arizona. Both wheat and barley are two of the most important food and industrial crops in the world. Its distribution is mainly limited to northwest india and adjoining countries, north america and south africa. Using the published primer pair tcar2atcar2b for polymerase chain reaction pcr with dna from axenic cultures of t. Towards a more reasoned assessment of the threat to wheat crops from tilletia indica, the cause of karnal bunt disease. The outer layers of diseased kernels remain intact initially but are easily broken during grain harvest, releasing masses of black. The fungus is closely related to the common bunt fungi of wheat, tilletia caries and tilletia laevis, and a complex of similar grass smuts. This survey will also provide information to the iphis database and provide pest freedom assurance to our customers. Importance to the united states in the united states, concern about this disease increased with the. Indian journal of biotechnology vol 15, january 2016, pp 3438 identification of qtl conferring karnal bunt resistance in bread wheat manjeet kaur1,2, rajender singh1, satish kumar1, rishi pal mandhan2 and indu sharma1 1icarindian institute of wheat and barley research, karnal 2 001, india 2department of biotechnology, kurukshetra university, kurukshetra 6 119, india.
Closer examination of a seed lot affected with karnal bunt will reveal partially bunted seeds as only part of the grain is effected by disease, figure 4. It was detected for the first time in the united states in march 1996 in durum wheat seed by the arizona depart. Common bunt stinking smut in wheat cropwatch university. Goates karnal bunt, or partial bunt, is a fungal disease of wheat, durum wheat, rye, and triticale a hybrid of wheat and rye. Karnal bunt was first discovered in karnal india for the first time.
On that date, scientists at usdas agricultural research service confirmed the presence of karnal bunt in arizonacertified durum wheat seed cv. Chemotherapy of karnal bunt of wheat by muhammad abdul shakoor m. Survey of farmers perceptions of durum wheat and kamal bunt. Kamal bunt is affected grains in samples of both coordinated also having major importance in intemational trials and grain market through out the wheat trade of wheat grains, rejection of seeds if the growing regions of country. The smut diseases of wheat that occur in nebraska are loose smut figure 1 and common bunt stinking smut, figure 2. Karnal bunt is spread by means of its teliospores fig. In himachal pradesh, zonei is a hot spot for karnal bunt. A closely linked ssr marker, gwm538, may be useful in markerassisted selection for karnal bunt resistance in wheat. Currently, this disease is contained through the deployment of host resistance but. Since then it has occurred in pakistan, iraq, nepal, afghanistan, mexico and the united. Karnal bunt survey work plan january 1, 2018 december 31, 2018. Karnal bunt tilletia indica is a fungus affecting grains of wheat, durum and triticale. The disease is sometimes called partial bunt because only part of the kernel usually is affected.
Detection of tilletia caries, causal agent of common bunt. Smuts produce sootlike masses of spores on the host. Karnal bunt in texas wheat publications soil and crop sciences. One of the fungal disease of wheat is bunt kb caused by karnal. Renewing the seed supply every few years will greatly reduce the risk of future common bunt problems. The disease appears when the grains have developed. A set of 104 wheat recombinant inbred lines rils obtained from a cross between parents resistant hd 29 and susceptible wh 542 to karnal bunt kb caused by neovossia indica were screened and used to identify random amplified polymorphic dna rapd markers linked with resistance to karnal bunt as these would allow indirect marker assisted selection of kb resistant. Management of wheat and barley diseases book summary. Uc management guidelines for karnal bunt of wheat on. Typically, only a portion of the kernel is affected. Inheritance of resistance to neovossia indica was studied in a triticum aestivum line hd 29. Detection the disease cannot be easily detected in plants growing in the field. Loose smut and common bunt are fungal diseases common to wheat in nebraska. The economic impact of karnal bunt phytosanitary wheat.
The first report of a new bunt disease in wheat came from the region of faizalabad pakistan in 1909. The paper reports about the development and evaluation of two methods, a pcr. National diagnostic protocol for detection of dwarf bunt. Nov 16, 2012 tilletia indica, the cause of karnal bunt of wheat, replaces part of the seed with a black powdery mass containing millions of spores and produces a strong unpleasant odour like rotten fish. Because of this research, the wheat export market was saved.
Karnal bunt kb is a minor disease of wheat that until march 8, 1996, was of little concern to the us grain industry. However, note that teliospores are capable of surviving in soil for years on end. Importance to the united states in the united states, concern about. Infection karnal bunt affects the heads of wheat and triticale plants. Bunt spores can be carried on seed, contaminated machinery and in soil. Karnal bunt also known as partial bunt is a fungal disease of wheat, durum wheat, and triticale. Therefore, karnal bunt is a major threat to the wheat industry. Importance to the industry from a production standpoint, karnal bunt is a minor disease because it has little effect on grain yield. Karnal bunt is most likely to enter australia either on diseased grain or as spores on travellers. Invasion pathways of karnal bunt of wheat into the united states. Many nations prohibit the importation of wheat from regions of countries where karnal bunt is known to occur. Genetics of resistance to karnal bunt disease of wheat.
Later, the discovery of karnal buntinfected wheat in california extended the quarantine to portions of that state fig. The bunt fungus does not produce chemicals toxic to animals. In march of 1996, its presence was confirmed in the u. Breathing high concentrations of smut spores may be hazardous especially to humans suffering from asthma. Bunt spores prefer moist and cool conditions 515c for germination. Common bunt wheat kernels infected by common bunt have a graygreen color and are wider than healthy kernels. Rajbir singh assistant professor department of plant pathology gochar mahavidyalaya, rampur maniharan, saharanpur up, india affiliated to ch. From a production standpoint, karnal bunt is a minor disease because it has little e. Diagnosing common bunt of wheat agriculture and food. Pdf geneforgene relationship in karnal bunt of wheat. Planting resistant cultivars and fungicidetreated seed will help with control and management. Karnal bunt is known to affect only wheat triticum aestivum, triticale triticum aestivum x secale cereale, and durum wheat triticum durum.
Karnal bunt disease of wheat is also known as partial bunt as only few to bunt s ore and even the grains are partially of wheat for karnal bunt resistance by identifying resistance sources against area specific pathotypes of tiletia indica based on location and environment specificity was found at locations in himachal pra es. The smut fungus tilletia indica, a basidiomycete, invades the kernels and obtains nutrients from the endosperm, leaving behind waste products with a disagreeable odor that makes bunted kernels too unpalatable for use in flour or pasta. Mather and hausing 1960 found that the total dry weight was reduced by 33 percent, root dry weight by 32 percent, height by 11 percent in infected plants. Ecofriendly management of karnal bunt neovossia indica of wheat. Karnal bunt is a fungal disease of wheat, durum wheat, and triticale, a hybrid of wheat and rye. Karnal bunt is a fungal disease that affects certain types of cereal grains such as wheat. Kb was first reported in 1931, infecting wheat growing near the city of karnal in the indian state of haryana hence the name karnal. A brush cleaner can be used to remove spores of common bunt from wheat seed lots. In addition, four other diseases can be mistaken for karnal bunt. Karnal bunt is one of the major fungal diseases of wheat in pakistan. It is caused by two very closely related fungi, tilletia tritici syn.
This was presumably karnal bunt, which was first formally recorded in 1930 near the north indian city of karnal mitra, 1931. Mexico where the karnal bunt contaminated wheat from arizona had been planted 25. Affected areas are quarantined to limit spread of the disease. Many nations prohibit the importation of wheat from regions of countries where karnal. Mar 23, 2020 karnal bunt, caused by the fungus tilletia indica mitra, is a disease of wheat and triticale a hybrid of wheat and rye. A fungal disease of wheat karnal bunt, or partial bunt, is a fungal disease of wheat, durum wheat, and triticale a hybrid of wheat and rye. The objective of this project is to ensure the ability to export kansas wheat to foreign customers by collecting kansas wheat grain samples as part of the national karnal bunt survey tilletia indica. The karnal bunt disease was first reported from karnal district of haryana india in 1930ssingh. Durum wheat is grown only in the western us and little or no triticale is grown in georgia. Karnal bunt is a fungal disease caused by the fungus tilletia indica. Karnal bunt or partial bunt is a fungal disease of wheat. It is a seed, soil and airborne disease with limited effect of chemical control. Wheat triticum aestivum l is the most extensively grown cereal crop in the world, covering about 237 million hectares annually, accounting for a total of 420 million tonnes isitor et al. Bunts and smuts of cereals grains, pulses and cereals.
Comparison of loose smut, common bunt, and karnal bunt of wheat. Common bunt resistance was also tested in durum, spelt and emmer wheat. The disease was first time reported in 1931 from karnal. Bhat rv, deosthale yg, roy dn, vijayaraghavan m, tulpule pg. Tilletia tritici has a reticulate pattern on teliospores, whereas teliospores of t. It reduces grain quality through the production of masses of powdery spores that discolour the grain and grain products. Assessment of karnal bunt disease of wheat in different. Comparative test detection and discrimination of common. It is demonstrated that a combined cleaning by a conventional airsreen.
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy in plant pathology faculty of agriculture, university of agriculture, faisalabad 2009. Seed from infested seed lots was planted in arizona, new mexico, texas and california. Unwanted throughout the world, the karnal bunt fungus appeared to be widespread in the united states. Identification of qtl conferring karnal bunt resistance in. Although rare, common bunt is the most serious of the smut diseases due to the zero tolerance for bunt at grain receival points. Narendra wheat 1014 nw1014 1998 faizabad late sown, irrigated condition area stretching from eastern up onwards upto the far eastern states viz. Karnal bunt disease of wheat study from jhunjhunu, rajasthan. Karnal bunt disease is soil borne as well as airborne. We are amending the karnal bunt regulations by adding throckmorton and young counties in texas to the list of areas regulated because of karnal bunt, a fungal disease of wheat, due to the detection of bunted kernels in grain grown in this. Like bunt of wheat, grain affected with karnal bunt also has a strong fishy odour. Karnal bunt is indigenous to the punjab area of the indian subcontinent, where it was first reported in 1930.
Within india the pathogen spread and can now be considered widespread in northern and central india in regions where low winter temperatures. Kourssanow 1928 reported that the infected plants were generally smaller and had higher respiration rate than the healthy ones. Wheat screening for resistance to common bunt and dwarf bunt. The fishy smell has serious consequences for the marketability of wheat. Karnal bunt was first detected in the united states in 1996. Identification of qtl conferring karnal bunt resistance in bread wheat manjeet kaur 1,2, rajender singh 1, satish kumar 1, rishi pal mandhan 2 and indu sharma 1 1 icarindian institute of wheat and barley research, karnal 2 001, india. Therefore, commonbunted grain that has been rejected by the elevator can be used as livestock feed.
However, susceptible durum, spelt and emmer wheats did not reach as high bunt incidence as susceptible spring wheat check vinjett. Karnal bunt was first discovered in 1930 in karnal, india. Climatic conditions determine the extent of the disease. Smut balls break open and contaminate healthy kernels during harvest, and the spores. It has recently been identified on grain samples harvested in 1996 in parts of southeast california. Use of commonbunted grain the common bunt fungi do not produce toxins harmful to livestock. An allee effect reduces the invasive potential of tilletia indica.
Karnal bunt disease of wheat, caused by the fungus neovossia indica, is one of the most important challenges to the grain industry as it affects the grain quality and also restricts the international movement of infected grain. A portion of the grain is converted into black powdery mass. Though karnal bunt never cause severe yield losses but it occurrence is reported always causing concerns intermittently. Also, based upon the presence of suspect teliospores from sampled wheat, this fungus. The disease develops during the growth phase of the plant and not. Karnal bunt, or partial bunt, is a fungal disease of wheat, durum wheat, rye, and triticale a hybrid of wheat and rye. Karnal bunt is most likely to enter australia either on. There are no current wheat cultivars with good resistance to common bunt. If infected wheat is used as seed, be sure to have it treated with a fungicide.
Splayed glumes of wheat ear infected with common bunt. Pdf ecofriendly management of karnal bunt neovossia. The disease was first time reported in 1931 form karnal then in the punjab, now in haryana. Therefore, early sowing into warmer soils can help reduce the level of crop infection. Karnal bunt national invasive species information center. As common bunt and dwarf bunt have many commonalities in the symptoms they cause in wheat, microscopic observation of the spores is required for characterization of the bunt species. Karnal bunt has significance as an export problem because many countries believe it to be a quarantine pest, while the united states considers it to be a quality pest. Common bunt, also known as stinking smut and covered smut, is a disease of both spring and winter wheats. Common and dwarf bunt extended information wheat doctor. Smut infected wheat may be fed to all classes of livestock, including poultry, without ill effects.
Total area under wheat cultivation is nearly 26 m ha, of which 24. The black powder which gives foul smell due to presence of trimethyl amine is a mass of thick walled dark brown spores of the fungus known as teliospores. All classes of livestock can feed on it without negative health effects. Unlike systemic smut fungi, only a few florets of the inflorescence become infected.